The maritime domain continues to be an important arena for great power competition. Countries in the Indo-Pacific are seeking cooperative ways to counter shared challenges, including Chinese assertiveness in the gray zone. China has expanded its own maritime cooperation, with Russia as a consistent partner in this effort. China and Russia’s 2023 agreement on maritime law enforcement cooperation presents a new dimension of their deepening maritime cooperation, and, as such, a new potential challenge for like-minded countries to contend with. 

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